Race and Gender-based Pre-emptory Challenges

• NOT ALLOWED: religion, gender, class--possibly age, due to Constitutional connection between age a voting/jury service.
• Hard to prove if allow vague justifications (didn't like beard, hair, etc.).
• A racial (or other) minority is by definition a numerical minority, thus equal number of preemptions then will tend to reduce minority representation.
• Some justices say must eliminate pre-emptory challenges all together.