Personal Jurisdiction (Requirements for a Binding Judgment)

A. Jurisdiction (Constitutional issue)

• Two-part test from International Shoe:
  
• 1. Sufficient minimum contact with state, also known as "purposeful availment
• For general jurisdiction (unrelated to case): must be a large number/strong contacts.
  
• For specific jurisdiction (related to case): contacts must be connected with the case/issue.
• 2. Fundamental fairness
• To defendant
  
• Plus the interest of state (but defendant can waive, so not as critical)
  

B. Notice (Constitutional issue)

• Mullane says: no mathematical formula for notice, but must be reasonably calculated to achieve success in order to be effective. You must act like you really want to notify defendant.
• Sometimes 1st class mail is enough for this purpose.
  

C. Long-arm statutes (generally looked to first by courts, then they look to A and B).

Note that consent of defendant can waive all these requirements when litigation starts or ex ante (Carnival Cruse Lines, where the ticket/contract of sale applied).